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A Mini-Review of Tuberculosis: Historical Context and Future Challenges

Abigailmacias Paredesa

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a persistent global public health challenge despite extensive efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health entities. The disease continues to spread due to various factors, including public ignorance, pandemics like HIV and COVID-19, and increased migration from high TB-incidence regions. Vulnerable populations, such as migrants and those with compromised immune systems, are at heightened risk of contracting TB and experiencing unsuccessful treatment outcomes.

Recent advancements in diagnostics, such as Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) and molecular techniques have enhanced our ability to detect and Manage Tuberculosis (TB), including challenging forms like Multi Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB).

Despite these advancements, access to new and effective drugs remains limited in certain regions, complicating treatment efforts. WHO advocates for systematic screening and Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) to enhance treatment adherence and reduce recurrence rates. Economic analyses suggest that targeted screening of high-risk groups is cost-effective in low-incidence countries. Additionally, the development of new TB vaccines shows promise, with several candidates currently in phase three trials, potentially offering superior protection compared to the existing Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine.

Although significant progress has been made in TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, challenges related to drug resistance, access to care, and social determinants of health continue to hinder global eradication efforts. However, the ongoing development of shorter treatment regimens and the potential for new vaccines offer hope that TB eradication could eventually be achieved.